A version containing retractions may retract itself. If the highest release or pre-release version of a module retracts itself, the latest query resolves to a lower version after retracted versions are excluded.
As an example, consider a case where the author of module example. To prevent users from upgrading to v1. When a user runs go get example. Both v1. A single version is equivalent to an interval where the upper and lower bound are the same. Like other directives, multiple retract directives may be grouped together in a block delimited by at the end of a line and on its own line.
Each retract directive should have a comment explaining the rationale for the retraction, though this is not mandatory. The go command may display rationale comments in warnings about retracted versions and in go list output. A rationale comment may be written immediately above a retract directive without a blank line in between or afterward on the same line.
A rationale comment may span multiple lines. The retract directive was added in Go 1. Most commands report an error if go. The go get and go mod tidy commands may be used to fix most of these problems.
The update modifies requirements to respect exclusions, so the requirement on the excluded example. The update removes redundant or misleading requirements. For example, if example. If the main module contains packages that directly import packages from example. Finally, the update reformats the go. The go command will not update go. Because the module graph defines the meaning of import statements, any commands that load packages also use go.
In Go 1. Go uses an algorithm called Minimal version selection MVS to select a set of module versions to use when building packages. Conceptually, MVS operates on a directed graph of modules, specified with go. Each vertex in the graph represents a module version. Each edge represents a minimum required version of a dependency, specified using a require directive. MVS produces the build list as output, the list of module versions used for a build.
MVS starts at the main module a special vertex in the graph that has no version and traverses the graph, tracking the highest required version of each module.
At the end of the traversal, the highest required versions comprise the build list: they are the minimum versions that satisfy all requirements. The build list may be inspected with the command go list -m all.
Consider the example in the diagram below. The main module requires module A at version 1. MVS visits and loads the go. At the end of the graph traversal, MVS returns a build list containing the bolded versions: A 1. Note that higher versions of B and D are available but MVS does not select them, since nothing requires them. The content of a module including its go.
A replace directive may apply to a specific version of a module or to all versions of a module. Replacements change the module graph, since a replacement module may have different dependencies than replaced versions. Consider the example below, where C 1. R depends on D 1. Exclusions also change the module graph. When a version is excluded, it is removed from the module graph, and requirements on it are redirected to the next higher version. Consider the example below.
MVS will act as if A 1. The go get command may be used to upgrade a set of modules. To perform an upgrade, the go command changes the module graph before running MVS by adding edges from visited versions to upgraded versions. Module B may be upgraded from 1.
Upgrades and downgrades may add or remove indirect dependencies. In this case, E 1. To preserve upgrades, the go command updates the requirements in go. It will change the requirement on B to version 1. It will also add requirements on C 1.
The go get command may also be used to downgrade a set of modules. To perform a downgrade, the go command changes the module graph by removing versions above the downgraded versions.
It also removes versions of other modules that depend on removed versions, since they may not be compatible with the downgraded versions of their dependencies. If the main module requires a module version removed by downgrading, the requirement is changed to a previous version that has not been removed. If no previous version is available, the requirement is dropped. Suppose that a problem was found with C 1.
This works similarly to a downgrade. All versions of the named module are removed from the module graph. If the main module is at go 1. The transitive dependencies of go 1. Since a go 1. A module that is not needed to build any package or test in a given module cannot affect the run-time behavior of its packages, so the dependencies that are pruned out of the module graph would only cause interference between otherwise-unrelated modules. Modules whose requirements have been pruned out still appear in the module graph and are still reported by go list -m all : their selected versions are known and well-defined, and packages can be loaded from those modules for example, as transitive dependencies of tests loaded from other modules.
However, since the go command cannot easily identify which dependencies of these modules are satisfied, the arguments to go build and go test cannot include packages from modules whose requirements have been pruned out. Because Go 1. The -compat flag can be used to override the default version for example, to prune the go. The more comprehensive requirements added for module graph pruning also enable another optimization when working within a module. If a package to be imported for example, a dependency of a test for a package outside the main module is not found among those requirements, then the rest of the module graph is loaded on demand.
If all imported packages can be found without loading the module graph, the go command then loads the go. Inconsistencies can arise due to version-control merges, hand-edits, and changes in modules that have been replaced using local filesystem paths.
To ensure a smooth transition from GOPATH to modules, the go command can download and build packages in module-aware mode from repositories that have not migrated to modules by adding a go. When the go command downloads a module at a given version directly from a repository, it looks up a repository URL for the module path, maps the version to a revision within the repository, then extracts an archive of the repository at that revision.
Since synthetic go. When the go command downloads a module from a proxy , it downloads the go. The proxy is expected to serve a synthetic go. A module released at major version 2 or higher must have a matching major version suffix on its module path. For example, if a module is released at v2.
The major version suffix requirement was introduced when module support was added to the go command, and many repositories had already tagged releases with major version 2 or higher before that. The version v4. The module must be in the repository root directory that is, the repository root path must also be example. The module may have versions with lower major version numbers like v1. A repository that migrates to modules after version v2.
In the example above, the author should create a module with the path example. The author should also update imports of packages in the module to use the prefix example. See Go Modules: v2 and Beyond for a more detailed example. The suffix only appears in versions used by the go command.
See Mapping versions to commits for details on the distinction between versions and tags. For example, v2. A module released at major version 2 or higher is required to have a major version suffix on its module path. The module may or may not be developed in a major version subdirectory within its repository. For example, a package in the repository with root path example.
For a module with a major version suffix, one might expect to find the package example. This would require the module to be developed in the v2 subdirectory of its repository. The go command supports this but does not require it see Mapping versions to commits. If a module is not developed in a major version subdirectory, then its directory in GOPATH will not contain the major version suffix, and its packages may be imported without the major version suffix.
To fix this, minimal module compatibility was added in Go 1. This rules allow packages that have been migrated to modules to import other packages that have been migrated to modules when built in GOPATH mode even when a major version subdirectory was not used. In module-aware mode, the go command uses go. As of Go 1. In lower versions, module-aware mode was enabled when a go. When run in module-aware mode, these commands use go. These commands accept the following flags, common to all module commands.
When using modules, the go command typically satisfies dependencies by downloading modules from their sources into the module cache, then loading packages from those downloaded copies. Vendoring may be used to allow interoperation with older versions of Go, or to ensure that all files used for a build are stored in a single file tree.
Packages that are only imported by tests of packages outside the main module are not included. As with go mod tidy and other module commands, build constraints except for ignore are not considered when constructing the vendor directory. When vendoring is enabled, this manifest is used as a source of module version information, as reported by go list -m and go version -m.
If go. When vendoring is enabled, build commands like go build and go test load packages from the vendor directory instead of accessing the network or the local module cache. The go list -m command only prints information about modules listed in go. Additionally, since vendor directories in other modules are not used, the go command does not include vendor directories when building module zip files but see known bugs and The go get command updates module dependencies in the go.
The first step is to determine which modules to update. If a package argument is specified, go get updates the module that provides the package. If a package pattern is specified for example, all or a path with a If an argument names a module but not a package for example, the module golang.
If no arguments are specified, go get acts as if. Each argument may include a version query suffix indicating the desired version, as in go get golang. A version query suffix consists of an symbol followed by a version query , which may indicate a specific version v0. If no version is given, go get uses the upgrade query.
Note that required versions in go. See Minimal version selection MVS for details on how versions are selected and conflicts are resolved by module-aware commands.
Other modules may be upgraded when a module named on the command line is added, upgraded, or downgraded if the new version of the named module requires other modules at higher versions. For example, suppose module example. If module example. Other modules may be downgraded when a module named on the command line is downgraded or removed. To continue the above example, suppose module example.
Module example. A module requirement may be removed using the version suffix none. This is a special kind of downgrade. Modules that depend on the removed module will be downgraded or removed as needed. A module requirement may be removed even if one or more of its packages are imported by packages in the main module. In this case, the next build command may add a new module requirement. If a module is needed at two different versions specified explicitly in command line arguments or to satisfy upgrades and downgrades , go get will report an error.
After go get has selected a new set of versions, it checks whether any newly selected module versions or any modules providing packages named on the command line are retracted or deprecated. After go get updates the go. When used with a version suffix like latest or v1.
The -d flag is deprecated, and in Go 1. The go install command builds and installs the packages named by the paths on the command line. Non-executable packages are built and cached but not installed. This is useful for installing executables without affecting the dependencies of the main module. To eliminate ambiguity about which module versions are used in the build, the arguments must satisfy the following constraints:. See Version queries for supported version query syntax.
See Module-aware commands for details. If module-aware mode is enabled, go install runs in the context of the main module, which may be different from the module containing the package being installed.
The -m flag causes go list to list modules instead of packages. In this mode, the arguments to go list may be modules, module patterns containing the If no arguments are specified, the main module is listed. When listing modules, the -f flag still specifies a format template applied to a Go struct, but now a Module struct:. The default output is to print the module path and then information about the version and replacement if any.
For example, go list -m all might print:. That is, if Replace is non-nil, then Dir is set to Replace. Dir , with no access to the replaced source code. The -u flag adds information about available upgrades. For example, go list -m -u all might print:.
The flag also changes the default output format to display the module path followed by the space-separated version list.
Retracted versions are omitted from this list unless the -retracted flag is also specified. The -retracted flag instructs list to show retracted versions in the list printed with the -versions flag and to consider retracted versions when resolving version queries.
For example, go list -m -retracted example. The -retracted flag was added in Go 1. The template function module takes a single string argument that must be a module path or query and returns the specified module as a Module struct. If an error occurs, the result will be a Module struct with a non-nil Error field.
The go mod download command downloads the named modules into the module cache. Arguments can be module paths or module patterns selecting dependencies of the main module or version queries of the form path version. With no arguments, download applies to all dependencies of the main module. The go command will automatically download modules as needed during ordinary execution. The go mod download command is useful mainly for pre-filling the module cache or for loading data to be served by a module proxy.
By default, download writes nothing to standard output. It prints progress messages and errors to standard error. The -json flag causes download to print a sequence of JSON objects to standard output, describing each downloaded module or failure , corresponding to this Go struct:. The -x flag causes download to print the commands download executes to standard error. The go mod edit command provides a command-line interface for editing and formatting go.
By default, go mod edit reads and writes the go. Note that this only describes the go. For the full set of modules available to a build, use go list -m -json all. See go list -m. For example, a tool can obtain the go. Tools may also use the package golang. The go mod graph command prints the module requirement graph with replacements applied in text form. Each vertex in the module graph represents a specific version of a module.
Each edge in the graph represents a requirement on a minimum version of a dependency. Each line has two space-separated fields: a module version and one of its dependencies. Each module version is identified as a string of the form path version.
The main module has no version suffix, since it has no version. The -go flag causes go mod graph to report the module graph as loaded by the given Go version, instead of the version indicated by the go directive in the go. See Minimal version selection MVS for more information on how versions are chosen. See also go list -m for printing selected versions and go mod why for understanding why a module is needed.
The go mod init command initializes and writes a new go. See Module paths for instructions on choosing a module path. If the module path argument is omitted, init will attempt to infer the module path using import comments in.
If a configuration file for a vendoring tool is present, init will attempt to import module requirements from it.
For example, if multiple packages within the same repository are imported at different versions, and the repository only contains one module, the imported go.
You may wish to run go list -m all to check all versions in the build list , and go mod tidy to add missing requirements and to drop unused requirements. It also adds any missing entries to go. The -e flag added in Go 1. The -v flag causes go mod tidy to print information about removed modules to standard error. This includes packages imported by tests including tests in other modules. Note that go mod tidy will not consider packages in the main module in directories named testdata or with names that start with.
If the -go flag is set, go mod tidy will update the go directive to the indicated version, enabling or disabling module graph pruning and lazy module loading and adding or removing indirect requirements as needed according to that version. By default, go mod tidy will check that the selected versions of modules do not change when the module graph is loaded by the Go version immediately preceding the version indicated in the go directive. The versioned checked for compatibility can also be specified explicitly via the -compat flag.
When vendoring is enabled, the go command will load packages from the vendor directory instead of downloading modules from their sources into the module cache and using packages those downloaded copies.
See Vendoring for more information. Note that go mod vendor removes the vendor directory if it exists before re-constructing it. Local changes should not be made to vendored packages. The go command does not check that packages in the vendor directory have not been modified, but one can verify the integrity of the vendor directory by running go mod vendor and checking that no changes were made.
The -v flag causes go mod vendor to print the names of vendored modules and packages to standard error. The -o flag added in Go 1. The argument can be either an absolute path or a path relative to the module root. To perform this check, go mod verify hashes each downloaded module. Otherwise, it reports which modules have been changed and exits with a non-zero status.
If a hash is missing from go. See Authenticating modules for details. In contrast, go mod verify checks that module. This is useful for detecting changes to files in the module cache after a module has been downloaded and verified.
However, go mod verify may download go. It will use go. The output is a sequence of stanzas, one for each package or module named on the command line, separated by blank lines. Each stanza begins with a comment line starting with giving the target package or module. Subsequent lines give a path through the import graph, one package per line. If the package or module is not referenced from the main module, the stanza will display a single parenthesized note indicating that fact.
The -m flag causes go mod why to treat its arguments as a list of modules. Note that even when -m is used, go mod why queries the package graph, not the module graph printed by go mod graph. The -vendor flag causes go mod why to ignore imports in tests of packages outside the main module as go mod vendor does. By default, go mod why considers the graph of packages matched by the all pattern.
This flag has no effect after Go 1. If no files are named on the command line, go version prints its own version information. If a directory is named, go version walks that directory, recursively, looking for recognized Go binaries and reporting their versions. By default, go version does not report unrecognized files found during a directory scan. The -v flag causes it to report unrecognized files. For each executable, go version -m prints a table with tab-separated columns like the one below.
The format of the table may change in the future. The -modcache flag causes go clean to remove the entire module cache , including unpacked source code of versioned dependencies. This is usually the best way to remove the module cache. The -modcacherw flag accepted by go build and other module-aware commands causes new directories in the module cache to be writable.
For example, the command below sets it permanently:. Several commands allow you to specify a version of a module using a version query , which appears after an character following a module or package path on the command line. Except for queries for specific named versions or revisions, all queries consider available versions reported by go list -m -versions see go list -m.
This list contains only tagged versions, not pseudo-versions. Versions covered by retract directives in the go. Release versions are preferred over pre-release versions. For example, if versions v1.
Other queries will report an error. Module-aware Go commands normally run in the context of a main module defined by a go. Some commands may be run in module-aware mode without a go.
See Module-aware commands for information on enabling and disabling module-aware mode. Redirects 3xx are followed. Responses with status codes 4xx and 5xx are treated as errors. Search Advanced…. Customer problems. Thread starter masacress1 Start date Apr 15, Forums Technical Support. JavaScript is disabled. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Apr 15, 5 0. Well I leave some photos for you to see and tell me what the problem is The game is downloaded from Google Driver.
Dianmir Retired Administrator Staff member. Mar 25, ,, The file contains the information which patch files need to be downloaded. Disable your antivirus software and try again. Next restart your computer and try again. Alternatively you can specify the license. The script requires access to the Black Duck server via the API see Prerequisites below unless the -o option is used to create the output scan file for manual upload.
It will also identify where standard OSS recipes have been moved to new or different layers, and match close revisions or versions which exist in the Black Duck KB. Add the --report rep. This will include reports categorised as follows:. Identify the layers which contain mainly custom recipes, and use standard Black Duck signature scanning and optionally snippet scanning to search for modified OSS within these sub-folders only.
Do not run a signature or snippet scan on the entire Yocto project - only use signature scanning for custom layers and recipes not mapped by this script. You can optionally combine the dependency and signature scans in the same Black Duck project.
OSS components from OpenEmbedded recipes maintained at layers. Additional OSS components managed by custom recipes will not be detected. A supported Yocto environment version 2. Then use the Yocto build command e. The script will use the invocation folder as the Yocto build folder e. The --project and --version options are required to define the Black Duck project and version names for inclusion in the json output file and update CVE patch status.
If specified, then the scan will not be uploaded automatically and CVE patch checking will be skipped. Use the --manifest option to specify the manifest file manually. Check the Preconfiguration section above before running the script. Use the option --nowizard to run in batch mode and bypass the wizard mode, noting that you will need to specify all required options on the command line correctly. Use the following command to scan a Yocto build, create Black Duck project myproject and version v1.
To scan the most recent Yocto build in a different build folder location not the current folder :. To perform a CVE check patch analysis only to update an existing Black Duck project created previously by the script with patched vulnerabilities use the command:.
This script extracts the packages from the build manifest which will be a subset of those in the full Bitbake dependencies for build environment and creates a Black Duck project.
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